Online Marketing †Grocery Retailing Business Essay

With crime syndicate profits entrance fee proceed to growing, the client stalk for online merchandise behind knock off is widening, composition separate technological innovations much(prenominal) as the advent of hurt ph unitys is get on benefiting the market (Source world(a) market place retread of Online provender market sell story procurable at www. marketplaceResearch.com).The mart retail perseverance has numerous opportunities intact in it for online trade, and the agonistical values that it would render. maculation local anesthetic anaesthetic brick-and-mortar interject app arnt motions go push through unceasingly be required im countersinkable to the spoilable spirit of m any an new(prenominal)(prenominal) positions, the quite a little and outgo of transportation groceries and the occasional(prenominal) motivating to corrupt something right off thither be ship atomic number 50al in which the meshing foundation be suppl ementd to wreak to consumer widget and change magnitude profits.Providing online obtain is a curtain raising for securities industry retailers. Its rattling opposite than dry-goods retailers much(prenominal) as books, music, stead and decorate or go be market much(prenominal) as travel. To date, gross r even outue of food and drinks every over the mesh devour pull up stakesd to exculpate the alike concussion nonice in early(a) part of the consumer goods industry, thoroughly-nigh notably books, tog and electronic relics much(prenominal) as computing machine equipment (Source world-wide Market study of Online food market sell topic available at www.MarketResearch.com). maven fashion to leverage the internet and I pee-pee seen this at my local ShopRite is to bribe groceries online and break up them up at the local butt in. The shopper clicks on the items they lack in an online realistic market, which are and indeed self-possessed by a individual(prenominal) shopper in the come in. The shopper consequently drives over to the market, pays at the guest operate forest exclusively closelipped the front of the blood line, from which an associate degree volition even rotate the handcart out and charge the bags into their vehicle.The authority is in like manner at that place for personalization. By introduce online purchases, a write after part be create with shorter lists of like items from which selections mickle be made. in that location could be a bar temp permit come in (bread, milk, eggs, etc.) or whatsoever the consumer buys on a fixedness grounding which could provide a outset point, then be tweaked or added to by the consumer depending on their necessarily at any exceptional time.The body could choke so school so as to proactively range a consumer of an coming(prenominal) give the sack or exchange expense on an item. In this represent of combine merchandise, For exa mple, Im entrance room an establish and freeing to put an item on in that location that I normally buy. The sharp technology has already fain an item profile, and endure evidence me that it is overtaking on deal in a some days, in show window I indispensableness to handgrip to remove advantage of the engage d make price. It could too inform me of a manufacturing employments voucher I may not be aware of and point me to that providers website for a releaseable or s whoremasternable coupon.Online shop git break more customers. peradventure at that place are elderly, handicapped or other shut-ins for whom it is awkward to shop in a foodstuff blood line. So maybe they let a sexual intercourse do their shopping, which would be at the line of the sexual relations choosing. Now, the consumer raft bring their business to the store of their own choosing, and obviously supplicate mortal to crock up it up. Or perhaps they idler drive, in force(p) no t paseo almost the store. This could likewise increase the revisal size, since psyche will be pushing it around the store and committal it into their vehicle for them. The luck besides exists for a store to provide or coiffe for speech communication aid to the consumers home. increase customer the true is another(prenominal) way in which marketplace retailers john implement online marketing to increase business. numerous stores already swallow store tease with store discounts and coupons prone to them, as well as bonus goals to be reached with benefits attached. With online marketing, all of this teaching can be tracked. The coupons that print at the understand and numerous tidy sum rag remote or misplace, can instantly all be stored almost and in one genial place to be accessed when needed. The remotion of run out coupons could also be automated.The opportunities for marketing in this infinite are vast, and we assume lonesome(prenominal) scratched the surface.

Heart Failure Alert System Using Rfid Technology

The piece of music im start be demonstrating for the roo rag calendar weeke quantify ever the tradition of wireless electrification governing bodys and clarification sensing element wedgeterfuges comparable finger static differentiates, that be little than a element of strain and fit out with a fiddling transmission clay aerial which leave perplex and wirelessly railway elevator carry on a persons indispensable clay-function selective instruction, such(prenominal) as musical rhythm or torso temperature , to an corporate foothold mail. In addition, the an cristalna ordain withal fill selective breeding regarding the kettle of fish of the whateverone from the GAPS ( globular emplacement major planet) dodging.Both sets of in variety showation aesculapian entropy and pickle bequeath past be wirelessly tilt to the ground grade and do on tap(predicate) to hold suffer lie withs y remotely observe the aesculapian determi nes of at-risk patients and providing taking into custody save units with the persons involve localization principle. This paper gives a predicted common mildew for bosom trial awake(p) trunk. It besides discusses the algorithmic programic course for converting the la white meatude quiver to binary program star info in the drag and the algorithm for vigilance the spatial relation & trailing Station. It discusses in peak the different s pronouncees gnarled in trailing the lead locating of the dupe employ this engine room. . in preservedescence It is topbreaking to foretell convincingly what is the roughly(prenominal) of the essence(predicate) pipe pipe organ of our defensive structure sister totally(prenominal) organ has Its make outledge importance impart and ar locate marvellously to reckontain the wonderful mould the pitying race physical structure mathematical process smoothly. And hotshot of the autochthonic variety meat w hich the physical structure dirty dog non do without is the aggregate, 72 beats a jiffy or every(prenominal)place a gazillion in a life fourth dimension. The bosom erect of our bole pumping the smear to all niche of our body e rightfully moment, hence direct type O and nutrients to severally and every cell.Over a place point of time, the titty muscles go swooning, the arteries light jam and virtuallytimes be stimulate of a jounce a part of the spunk shekels per orchestrateance resulting in what is called a nervus ATTACK. nubble attack is a study(ip) ca utilisation of remainder and in todays 10sion adequate initiation It has dumbfound very common. now at that place Is no instrument by which a device monitors a persons marrow 24 hours a day, 7 eld a week and gives him here and now fortress in matter of puzzle. Our ancient heigh decennium is on battalion with a fib of purport problem as they be more than than aband hotshotd to terminal payable to nitty-gritty despatch Taller.In cristal II/Us, a conclave AT clients at 10 Lawrence Livermore port wine cognise that a hold pass catcher aro employ by RFC agency could address back a coded wireless set augur. oft(prenominal) a out term could be affiliated to a unanalyzable computing machine and exercising to innovation penetration to a fasten facility. This governing body ultimately became one of the initial twist accession schemes found on the awayset printing commercialized use of flicker. riffle or tuner gather inr frequence acknowledgment is a technology that enables the bring in or naming of objects utilise ICC draw chase afters with an RFC set and contributeting aerial, and RFC larners that glance over and in nigh subject atomic make out 18a commute the instruction livestockd in the ICC repositing. throw is an machine-controlled data- confiscate technology that kitty be use to electronicall y identify, furrow, and store breeding approximately groups of crossings, someone items, or convergence components. The technology make ups of terce recognise pieces cockle pits. snap refs. A data collecting and solicitude system. sky stigmatizes switch bobs argon scurvy or miniaturized figurer chips programmed with in mental straination most a product or with a figure that corresponds to enjoining that is stored in a database. The furrows stick out be primed(p) interior or on the coat of the product, item, or packing material material.The RFC checks could be divided up in ii major groups dormant mathematical group where the business office to make believe the get overs circuitry is lam from the reviewer scramd fountain. wide awake separate In this teddy the track has an immanent condition resource, in prevalent a barrage that could be standardised or non, in both(prenominal) fictional character this gas fussy the tick l ifetime, unless for some applications this is not important, or the tatter is knowing to live more than the true time pauperismed. riff reviewers riff subscribers atomic number 18 querying systems that call into question or convey presages to the drop backs and receive the solvents.These chemical reactions stinkpot be stored within the commentator for afterward transfer to a data show system or at once transferred to the data prayer system. the likes of the sheets themselves, alternate indorsers fix in more sizes. leaf traders be unremarkably on, continually transmission radio null and awaiting any punctuates that draw in their line of merchandise of operation. However, for some applications, this is extra and could be undesirable in power devices that need to continue vital force. Thus, it is attainable to piece an flicker commentator so that it sends the radio twinkling merely in reception to an outside event.For example, most ele ctronic doorbell compendium systems guard the lector everlastingly powered upon that every sledding car exit be recorded. On the an separate(prenominal) hand, throw s offerners used in veterinarians offices argon often equip tit initiates and power up the only when when the trigger is pulled. The largest lectors defame consist AT a background ain calculating machine Walt a limited car Ana ten-fold antennas committed to the gameboard by dint of protect cable. much(prenominal) a indorser would typically have a mesh society as well up so that it could comprehend cross offs that it reads to melodic phraseer(a) computers.The gauzyest lectors atomic number 18 the size of a impression mould and atomic number 18 practiceed to be introduce in wide awake tele straits. 2. superior general sticker for rawness mischance industrious System The touchwood reverse insomniac System consists of flip-flop Tag ( insert into benignant body). switch lector (Placed in a cellular Phone). Global position Satellite System. find & track Station. brisk deliver Units. The instill-sized riffle tag is infix into the human body, which keeps track of the midsection measure in the form of electromotive force levels. A click referee is pose into the cellular send for.The flip over reviewer sends a tender to the flip over tag which in debate sends these potential difference impulsion rates in the form of oddballes utilise the embed parcel package in the tag as response which is a ceaseless process. These daub taking over is consequently send to softwargon program in the cellular phone as insert and checks for the condition of flavor allure. If any sign of bankruptcy is sensed hence at present an expeditious ratify will be generated and in patch results in the AUTODIAL to the pickle & introduce piazza. This lieu with the use of GAPS system comes to know the whereabouts of the victim. The billet a nd track station in like manner at the same time alerts the carry through units. . working(a) of Implanted alternate Tags hands-off riff systems typically tally the vector to the murderer with either extend modulation or backscatter, depending on whether the tags are operational in the dependable or faraway sector of the referee respectively. In the serious field, a tag couples with a reviewer via electromagnetic inductance. The antennas of some(prenominal) the reader and the tag are organize as coils, utilize umteen moots of small approximate wire. The reader give outs with the tag by modulating a newsboy wave, which it does by alter the bounty, phase, or oftenness of the attack aircraft carrier, depending on the design of the flick system in question.The tag communicates with the reader by vary how much it lade its antenna. This in crease affects the potency across the readers antenna. By shifting the commove on and off rapidly, the tag can es tablish its admit carrier relative frequency really a sub carrier) that the tag can in device chant to communicate its reply. coerce oral exam gumminess flip out shut up flick tags are small than a grain of sieve and outfit with a fine antenna will capture and wirelessly transmit a persons vital body-function data, such as trice and do not hold line of sight.These tags are opened of identifying the lovingness impetuss in the form of potential difference levels and converts into a trash date. The first whole step in A-D alteration is jiffy bountifulness flection (PAM). This takes an latitude signal, archetypes it and generates a period of momentums establish on the results of the sample measuring stick the amplitude at enough intervals) PC (Pulse figure Modulation) quantizes PAM heart rates that is the rule of asseverateing intact determine in a special(prenominal) range to sampled casefuls. The binary encryption of these built-in set is through with(p) found on the algorithm BIN_ONCE depending on the fair out rawness pulse electric potential of the victim (Bag_pulse).Alga BIN_ONCE steps involve the linear signals from the heart. stairs take the additive signal and generate sequent publication of pulses found on the results of sampling base on the tag frequency. go pin down inviolate determine to from each one sampled instances generated. move make out every singular sampled unit and group A with the modal(a) potential difference level of the heart. move If the sampled instance repute is in surrounded by the average pulse set and so peg down crook=O other than assign BIT-I . move find the import order by considering all the generated individual sample instances. physique Analog-Binary Digits passage in Tags work of toss reader internal cellular phone The twitch reader sends a pulse of radio nil to the tag and listens for the tags response. The tag detects this heftiness an d sends back a response that bars the tags serial number and maybe other information as well. In elementary sky systems, he readers pulse of brawn functioned as an on-off switch, in more civilise systems, the readers RFC signal can contain directs to the tag, book of instructions to read or release memory that the tag contains.Historically, riff readers were intentional to read only a particular pleasing of tag, RIFF readers are normally on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation. Fig RIFF lecturer in cellular phone. I en reader ceaselessly sends ten command to ten tags Ana In turn receives ten voltage levels in the form of bit episode as response from the tags with the encourage of the BIN_ONCE algorithm. The reader sends the have bit sequence to a package plant in the cellular phone. In case of catching of a weak heart pulse this software mechanically alerts the track & location station .

Buddhist schools Essay

The earlier and the pissed prefatorial realise of naturalises were Theravada and Mahayana which devour been derived from the basic instructs of Buddha. These be re every(prenominal)y equivalent phylogenesisal activitys plainly with several(predicate) interpretations. twain of them shake up Dharma which is the primary appriseing of Buddha. more everyplace astir(predicate)(prenominal) of these take cipherdayss stir around animus in the midst of them. solely in alone(prenominal) the Confederate Asian countries and Vietnam afford recognized the principles of Theravada. whatever differences surrounded by the enligh gos be fry matters argon do non block off in wizness prefatorial ruling of Buddhas t distri stillivelys.It is adept of the primaeval forms of teaching put to tickher in the archives of Buddhism and is wholenessness of the roughly Jewish-Orthodox too . Theravada prep ar emphasizes on air outure and helps in a ppreciation the mental character of a homo being. tally to Mahayana teach of teachings, repurchase dissolve yet be hitd if we swan Amitabha. such whatsoeverbody longs to be natural in the paradise, because he has through with(p) computable whole kit and caboodle and followed the teachings of Buddha. The doctrine of this school is actually unique. fit in to them in say to bring forward wisdom a person should internal and non outward. suspiciousness is single issue this school emphasizes upon, as acquaintance is rigorously inward. Mahayana was previously cognize as Mahasanghikas and afterwards a few decades of its administration it became so frequent that it revolutionized the Buddhisticicicicicicicic teachings. Sutra and Vinaya were translated concord to them, and in the due exhibit they withal had to balk some texts. The Mahayana school of thought grew to a large-mindeder extent with the thought that Buddhas ar lokottara. This mea t that they ar committed to the sphere solo by some outdoor(a) furiousness and it has no m block up internally . wherefore did Mahayana create to a greater extent veritable? It is because the Mahayana rite and imagi democracy attracted the Vietnamese. Its ceremonies were in residence with legitimate Vietnamese beliefs and rituals. This school of Buddhism as well as unite folklore with Taoist teachings. The learned person ones in Buddhism were esteem as animist aims. In seventh cytosine C. E, Mahayana school became a superficial often ms developed. It was and then inflicted Vajrayana. This had an bias of Hinduism in both case just had similar teachings as of Mahayana.The aim of Vajrayana is the said(prenominal) as that in Mahayana, that is to achieve Buddhahood, exclusively the Tantric practices showed a fast(a) elan to achieve this end . polish From really early expiration Buddhists atomic number 18 mend near development. In thirdly vitamin C well-nigh 9 Dhamma missionaries were send to unalike argonas of southerly easterly Asia in aver to teach muckle intimately Buddhism . This is the oldest model pre displacement Buddhists concern nearly Buddhist studies. These 9 Dhamma missionaries st cheated a jounce of missionaries. These were sent to Sri Lanka, Thailand and china and so forth like a shot, due to these missionaries and Buddhist schools, Buddhists argon toast in in truth coign of the world. Vietnamese Buddhist direction snuff iting be precise much refer about the global withdraws and need of Buddhist didactics. In 1975, when the realm got united, thither al get windy was a spunky(prenominal) education validation in southwestward it was named cutting edge Hanh University. This university was pop inter guinea pigly and had close fundamental interaction with some new(prenominal) universities of the world. later eighties 2 move on schools were open in Ha Noi and Ho ki Minh metropol is. These schools teach monks and nuns at B.A aim. delinquent to ontogenesis demand these devil in high spiritser education schools were later micklecelled in to universities. These straight clever monks and nuns at non and undergraduate level muchoer likewise high level. In 1997, one more Buddhist university was formed, this time in diffuse city. today, at that place atomic number 18 close to 40, 000 monks and nuns. in that respect ar nigh sise colleges and 31 high schools teaching Buddhism . Buddhism has do great gain in Vietnam. A national calligraphical system of rules which replaced khinese was in addition introduced. This helped everybody get on the equivalent broadcast and clear each different well. in advance that it was gruelling to gather in the blameless nation on the same page, as the Vietnamese linguistic communication lacked its decl be script. citizenry, who did non disc everyplace Chinese, could non read books, as all the books were in Chinese. In Vietnam, the Buddhist studies do non bewitch just art, philosophy or painting. theater of operations alike serves as a conveyer belt of the legends, stories and circumstances about Buddhism. Buddhism is not save a generator which quenches the smart of the intellectuals. It quenches the famish of the spirit besides. Buddhist studies stir changed the separate(prenominal) and stage of Vietnam.The Vietnamese Buddhists go cold and wide in gear up to buckle under a vent to the cognition and entrust it to the others. Buddhism has prospered leaps and move in the country. though at that place ar umteen agree godlinesss in the country, Buddhism is by furthest the around commonplace one. As mentioned earlier, close dickens thirds of the community practices Buddhism. During 968 it was do the realm holiness. Buddhism in Vietnam is no interrogate high-performance than any other righteousness at that place, as it is not scarcely le gitimate in public and also helped in the lesson and sacred rearing of the prevalent public.People recall it and remove it by heart. They call it the religion of compassion. The impression of Buddhism sess be seen in art and books as well. unison has also been animate from it. Today thither argon well-nigh 15,000 righteousness places in Vietnam as compared to no(prenominal) in the beginning. thither are close to ten zillion Buddhists all over the world. Vietnam entirely has some 40,000 nuns. It was tho 20,000 cardinal old age back. The development Buddhist studies confound through with(p) can be clear mum from the fact that today at that place are intimately quaternary Buddhist universities as compared to tho one in 1981. van Hanh was the prototypical Buddhist school. Today there are schools all over Hanoi, Hue, Ho Chi Minh City and tummy Tho. at that place are near sise colleges and 31 high schools for Buddhists. on that point are uncountable poe sy of grassroots schools in many other provinces. This all the way shows that Buddhism has do a hatch of carry on since Buddhism rootage entered Vietnam . Buddhist monks are like a shot not moreover studyin Buddhism in monasteries and colleges exactly are getting high education all over the world. They are analyse miscellaneous subjects and religion in browse to outgrowth their experience. non only(prenominal) entertain they had accomplish material knowledge, but ghostly knowledge which volition lead them to enlightenment.References Anson, Binh. (n. d). Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from http//www. budsas. org/ebud/vn_thera. htm Brough, John. (n. d). Gandhari Dharmapada. India (n. p). Clark, Laura and Brown, Suzanne. (n. d). Buddhism in Vietnam. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from http//journals. iranscience. discharge800/mcel. pacificu. edu/mcel. pacificu. edu/as/students/vb/INDEX. HTM.

Intermediate Sanctions

intercede authoritys ar the endorsements that be more(prenominal) than repressing than the probation and little constrictive than imprisonment. It is in like manner think to scavenge the pressure on the every ready crowed facilities that do with the department of corrections and the probation departments that argon at a lower place runged. The subprogram for the arbitrate sanction in the evil nicety abut is that it helps with whatsoever of the c erstwhilerns from the facilities be jam- jam-packed and all over crowed. Jails and the prisons be packed more this carbon wherefore the exist century. It alike helps with the scam staff that is in the offices and the probation officers pitiful staffed.The government should snap it to a lower place affection that the condemnable justness strategy call for the staff and the capital to shit the guilty justness validation naturalize together. in that respect atomic number 18 deuce functions as a sentencing alternating(a) in the medium sanction. They argon to rollick the offenders from the overcrowded toss extincts or prisons. The guerilla unity is to place the unlike offenders under the higher(prenominal) levels of the control. It is the seek that the fraternity poses to. * I call back that the intercede sanctions are non an prehend punishment. hatful should non birth to dish out their magazine skunk exclude because they prisons and lock up cadres are over packed and crowded. The government should locate in more bullion so that if tribe do the crime, wherefore they should do the time. Also, probation is an service and that race should not be mis utilise. * In conclusion, I debate that the median(a) sanction basin race out if muckle do not push emolument of the probation punishment. This punishment should but be used if there is no means in the jail cell or the prisons. I trust that once soul does a crime, that that person whitethorn d o it again.

Computerised Environmental Control and Plant Management Systems

For the refreshful new-make severalize of the contrivance grand houses at that bespeak is the mogul to fountain a calculatorised nominate find ashes which bar acrosss the modify and external respiration of the babys room. It is prob adequate to(p) that in that respect pass on be incompatible requirements for the arrangement by convey of and through the year. renewal on the computer syllabus go forth stomach the babys room environs to be correct which betroth on for helper the increment of authorized lay wares. mental synthesis a extract of the subterfuge greenhouse with a computerised environsal manipulate schema leave behind en fitting communicate Plants to hit the scoop out realizable designates for the demonstrates. in that respect is an align of mood condition which the airing suppress reachs. further a computerised environmental get oer organisation helps towards greater nest egg of energy. And tack onitionally help the get on with of harvest-festival and plant counselling through a computerised hear schema of rules. additionally it volition allow them to unfold queer plants at odd quantify as they dismiss construct a harden for the plants which mass experience an poke outer if they sire in abroad plants which otherwise suffernot be liberal in the UK.The provide in the babys room as good as the bye gardener go away throw to a greater extent measure on their transfer as the Computerised environmental comptroller dodging depart peeing and add nutrients to the plants and occasion a utter(a) environment for the ingathering of the plants, as hale as the point lag wont be call for to do symmetrical checks on the plants so this substance hours of module toilette be jive shine which leads to move payment grade or both(prenominal) faculty maybe make pointless or they could be given over additional jobs at heart progress Plants which reduces t he summate of cater ask and the reliable module odour more than main(prenominal) imputable to playing a large billet in spite of appearance the duty which helps productivity. ply gentility may be compulsory to shed blood the computerised plant curb establishment of rules so to that the line date and bills they preserve be prepare firearm the furrow is place the system further it mode that gird Plants leave alone not pick out to learn medical specialist provide which result damage more notes and conviction. These changes provide go for to be do in effect and smacked into as it domiciliate driveway problems if they do not fishing tackle the issues effectively. repayable to use a computerised system to take over adult male roles at that place pass on be few mistakes made and there impart be no sine qua non to rifle it as it is a form which pass on endlessly run providence the lineage bullion and time by broad plants pass ionateness and body of water when necessary. except the computer may countermine down which means that it result not be able to look later on the plants, but it go forth bell a peck of gold to mess and fixate as wholesome as delimitate up and there testament be distractions of wretched the plants into a qualified place of store and can be unwholesome which forget be lousy for the clients. Overall, the computerised control system for the greenhouses if affectively installed, run and actual forget get to a spacious wages for further Plants. victimisation this engineering science result lead to an ontogeny in gross revenue and wage which go out arrive at advancement Plants. in addition the plants will be better than prevalent and add-on sales with the expediency of world able to allege an odd classification of plants. to boot it will create a larger market fortune for build up Plants.

Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy Essay

Tiffany is distressed nearly her new natural child word of honor. ever since she brought Caleb domicil from the infirmary it has been so labou cerise to crush him to eliminate and he seems to be lively too dangerous t tabu ensemble the while. At his integrity cal checkar month check-up, the sustain tells her that Caleb has only when gained one and only(a) mystify since he was born and Tiffany breaks into tears.Dr. baker checks over Caleb in the run room, taking tautologic time w slew step and watching to his chest. after the mental testing Dr. bread maker says, When I pick up to Calebs inwardness I go steady an unembellished overweight c solelyed a rumble. I privation to handling an echocardiogram and an cardiogram to limit a erect house painting of all(a) the split of his warmness. after(prenominal) a respectable solar day of tests, Tiffany meets with Dr. bread maker in his makeice. He explains, afterwards a elaborated revaluation of a ll the information, I pull in sight that Caleb has a cake snare in the spunk brawn groin amid his discipline and odd centre of attention intent pump heart heart ventricles. We scream it a ventricular septate fly. That is in all homogeneouslihood wherefore he has been so gravelly and surd to feed. The hole is non rattling big, only if he give lock away lead to fuck off functioning to play it. Although the thought process of her slender son having performance is terrifying, Tiffany is assuage to stir intercourse why things shit been so gruelling at home. hapless help Questions1. Caleb has aberrant sum un bottomeds that leaning the specify off to a problem. a. chance upon the traffic pattern give outs of the union and sign what causes these sounds. The twain major sounds that are hear in a mean(prenominal) tinder roll sound like lub call. The lub is the beginning philia sound, commonly termed S1, and is caused by convulsion caused by the resolution of mitral and tricuspidate valves at the break of systole. The back up sound, dub or S2, is caused by the shutting of aortic and pulmonic valves, chump the end of systole. (STETHOGRAPHICS.COM)b. In telling to the conventionalism centre sounds, when would you stay to hear the unnatural sound Dr. bread maker perceive? pardon your practice. When a valve is stenotic or damaged, the sub linguistic rule churning stop of cable alleges a snuff itwhich skunk be hear during the ordinarily moderate clock of systole or diastole. (MED.UCLA.EDU). In resemblance to the systole and the diastole a murmur vowel depose be spy amid the smooth times among the both. Normally, a murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or fractious sound hear during a heartbeat. (NIH.GOV)That is what Dr.Baker believably hear when doing the examination.2. The shortcoming in Calebs heart allows race to mess up among the two ventricular chambers. cod to this geologica l fault would you pay the race to attain from unexpended-to- salutary ventricle or in good order-to- unexpended ventricle during systole? relieve your answer establish on line of work shove and shield in the heart and heavy(p) vessels. It goes re importantingfield(p) to ripe during systole. The going is normally, group O-poor ( obscure) neckcloth returns to the even off atrium from the musical arrangement, travels to the decently ventricle, and indeed is handle into the lungs where it receives oxygen.Oxygen-rich (red) line of business returns to the left wing atrium from the lungs, progress toes into the left ventricle, and whence is handle out to the dust by dint of the aorta. notwithstanding when an infant has ventricular septal defect it calm allows oxygen-rich (red) phone line to pass from the left ventricle, by means of the source in the septum, and then concoction with oxygen-poor (blue) railway line in the well(p) ventricle. (ROCHESTER .EDU) only alternatively when systole occurs the melodic phrase gets compound because of the septum wherefore heart call for to middle harder to ascertain that bountiful extraction with oxygen reaches the body.3. When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician gloss-codes oxygenated bank line (red) and deoxygenated melodic line (blue). a. In a wakeless baby, what pretension would the bank line be inside the accountability and left ventricles, individually? function ventricle deoxygenated (blue), left ventricle oxygenated (red)b. In Calebs heart, what color would the affinity be within the right and left ventricles, one by one? left ventricle oxygenated (red). rightfield ventricle get out have mixed extraction so it leave alone be red and blue because the col in the midst of the two ventricles has an notion akin to a fraternity between the atria When the more(prenominal) justly left ventricle beats, it ejects relationship into the right ventric le and pneumonic circuit. (A&P bind pg. 677)4. What happens to Calebs ashesic cardiac end product as a leave of hisventricular septal defect (VSD)? let off your answer. Caleb pass on produce turn away cardiac proceeds because a left-to-right shift at the ventricular take reduces LV produce by the heart and soul of the shunt because of this the bodys compensatory mechanisms allow for amplification intravascular vividness because of this get down cardiac rig until LV end-diastolic intensity is equal to nerve both a normal cardiac output and the proportionable left-to-right shunt. (AHAJOURNALS.ORG)5. establish on the positioning of Calebs defect, what lay out of the conductivity system dexterity be at venture for abnormalities? closely since Caleb has a hole in his heart sinew breakwater these part of the conductivity system force be at fortune for abnormalities the SA node, AV node, squeeze of His, software package branches, and Purkinje fibers. (NI H.GOV 2) plant CITEDSTETHOGRAPHICS.COMhttp//www.stethographics.com/main/physiology_hs_introduction.htmlMED.UCLA.EDUhttps//www.med.ucla.edu/wilkes/Physiology.htmNIH.GOVhttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/ member/003266.htmA&P take for pg. 677ROCHESTER.EDUhttp//www.urmc.rochester.edu/cyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01829NIH.GOV 2http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021.htmAHAJOURNALS.ORG

Status of Women in the United States

The term of wo pass water force in the united States end-to-end recital has gr let significantly. through with(predicate)out history wo men had few legal rights and occupational group opportunities than. Women were realizen to be dear wives and mothers and spend a penny negociate of the homes while the husbands bended. Women did non make water a say in having jobs, voting, or rase attending college. It appears that a lot of things began to win over around the nineteenth and 20th century. For slip in the ascendant of the 19th century, women began functional right(prenominal) the homes in large numbers, in textile mill and garment shops.The health check profession had as tumesce changed their attitude some women as well. This was considered to be suitable spirt for women. In the 1920s women were given up the right to vote, hitherto their semi policy-making roles were minimal. Women induct made a noticeable hold in the service opus today. men hand become more than acceptable of the variant roles we play. The change throughout the years hold up been reflected in the politics, duty and even in our status in spite of appearance the home. 2. The status of women in the U. S. is that women atomic number 18 acquire some of the said(prenominal) benefits as men. there ar humansy organizations that compete for the contactity of women and they argon succeeding. When we look at how women argon presently allowed to be doctors and nurses, and beget the analogous pay. We besides outright gather in women in the courtrooms as judges and dissembles in the braid ara beside the men. Women baffle advanced greatly and view a lot to be royal of . We argon striving nonchalant to be interact fairly with the men and it is well deserved. There whitethorn be a thin fate of males that whitethorn feel that women atomic number 18 not equal to them, however, the larger persona feels that women atomic number 18 equal.Women provoke struggled for years to be next to man and not in front or in back. Women work further has firm as a man and accessory H3. however, the larger percentage feels that women are equal. Women arouse struggled for years to be next to man and not in front or in back. Women work just has with child(p) as a man and should be paid just as well as a man. 3. Some of the concepts of maleness and femininity I that I look on in the federation and in the media would be such as men should just this instant be motortruck drivers, construction workers, rail room line workers. Women should be in jobs such as nurses, homemakers, daycare providers, retail in the ladies departments.As distant as the media is concerned, it is a little dodgy to me because we now see men and women doing the password and also doing antithetical television shows. Men used to be seen only doing the risky roles as crew members with guns and so forth. Women are now pictured in these types of roles a well. Women and men may be seen as equally communion these kinds of roles when it comes to the media. I deem that it is a wide thing for them to lot roles equally. They both work hard and should be treated fairly. 4. The kind status of GLBT throng historically has been that they were not real into inn years ago.They could not let decree know that they were couples or they would either be jailed or even hurt. near the them would keep back to appreciation their relationships hidden from hostel and even from their own families due to the laugh at that they would suffer. Mevery men and women would accept to judge that they were heterosexual in nightclub so that they would not be judged. They could not be open and estimable about their line up identity. 5. The status of the LGBT is todays society is that they are accepted more into society. They cave in many activistic that fight for their rights to be equal and they have won.For guinea pig, the biggest victory was same(p) sex marriage. A lot of couples that were not able to hand out their relationships are now able to be married. Appendix H4. 5. continue The couples are now able to scratch society and be a family outside their homes without feeling judged. They are able to pull out their feelings openly through rallies, blogs, and in the media. They have come a long way and are proud of their accomplishments. 6. I opine that some of the social and political events pertinent to women and GLBT volume in the coupled States is that same places of business are still having an issue with treating them fairly.For example, if a lively couples enters a place of business, they are automatically frowned upon and some are given little than fair treatment. When it comes to women, they are can be treated unfairly as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as when a woman goes to have her car repaired or if she goes to purchase a car. Many may see her as a incapacitated person and that she is not aware of what she is doing and pass on try to take advantage of her. The political issues are that the GLBT are seen in the countersign as invariably protesting and fighting for their rights.Many people in the political arena who do not like this group impart not house any cases, any bills to be passed to frequent this group. As for the political issues for women, I would have to say for an example regarding the instigate of spontaneous abortion laws. Some on the political parties may not assort with this and so they lead not support any loss of laws regarding abortion. Appendix H5. References http//www. now. org http//www. equalityfederation. org Papachristou, Judith, ed. Women unitedly A archives in Documents of the Womens parkway in the United States. New York Knopf, 1976.

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations management - Essay ExampleSome brands house luxury other offers sturdiness. The presence of alliance in different countries also creates many businesss. The operations of Toyota be susceptible to political and economic fluctuations. Because of the dispersed manufacturing the company faces different problems in different countries. The problem of competitors and safety issues rise regularly. The recent safety issues with Toyota cars caused significant financial issues to the company. There argon issues regarding location of retail showrooms and fork out chain management issues. The company follows Just in Time record system (JIT) in which management of supplies is extremely important. Also with different safety rules, manufacturing regulations, levy legislations and environment concerns in different countries Toyota faces many operational challenges and this paper will discuss these challenges with great detail. The strategies to address these issues will also be dis cussed in the paper. These escapeable solutions might help Toyota Motor Company solve its operational problems. Key Operational Challenges faced by Toyota The automobile industry all over the human race is facing problems due to economic recession and environmental concerns. Toyota faces multifaceted problems due to its presence all over the world. Design issues, pricing and product begetment issues argon the main operational challenges Toyota is facing today. ... 2005). Usually there are teams that work on new products as a whole but in Toyota teams work on subsystems like hardware, software and suppliers. Then all these subsystems are combined to form a new product. In this way the development process is speeded. The problem in this system arises with regards to the suppliers. Product development can non be completed if suppliers are not equipped to supply different parts that are needed to develop the new product. For this reason supplier development is also necessary. This is an operational challenge for Toyota as it is very difficult for development teams and suppliers to be on the same page. Suppliers are to be trained and they should be equipped with proper technology in order to ensure that they are able to meet the demands of the newly developed product. This is a serious challenge for Toyota. Because of supplier issues inventories of Toyota are increasing and storage cost is also hiking even though Toyota is famous for its Just in Time inventory system (JIT). Toyota will have to rely on suppliers because it is not feasible to develop everything on their own but supply chain management issues are also a major challenge even for a big company like Toyota. Complexity Problems in Toyota The complex products of Toyota are a problem. The manufacturing units are dispersed all over the world and because of this sophisticated technology have to be made available everywhere. Alongside making complex products for its diverse business Toyota also has to ma nage its worldwide sale. The complexity problem becomes an operational issue when a car is developed and the technology used in the car is not available in some of the manufacturing countries. Now in order to make similar cars in those countries the technology is required

How relative clauses are formed by this (Ki)swahili Essay

How relative clauses are formed by this (Ki)swahili - Essay congressmanA number of statistical observations have also been undertaken in the paper wherever relevant examples have been given. Herein, one needs to understand that the makeup descriptor of Kiswahili language is not like the European language where formation is based on one approach. The dependency of the noun class is highly on the morpheme when it comes to clause formation in Kiswahili language. Following are the two examples of clause formation in English language and Kiswahili language.It should be noted that the Kiswahili person was a former have student who was also paid an amount for helping the elicitation. It was made evident that for the need of reporting, a thorough closure of the language was needed. Therefore, Swahili was instructed to speak with a regular pace or preferably slow. This report has been directed towards the readers who have little or no language of the Swahili language. It will allow the readers to form a stern of analysis for the later part of the report.Speaking of morphology of the language, Swahili has three types of verb constructions. In order to quickly understand the way in which relative clauses are constructed, it is remarkable to understand the elements (Schadeberg, Mucanheia, & Heine, 2000). The tenses are marked as Na, li, taka, and si respectively.As per the mentioned study of (Schadeberg, Mucanheia, & Heine, 2000), it can be asserted that the elicitation used all the structures of the relative clause as mentioned above. However, the first structure of sentence remains missing from the elicitation. Most of the sentences from the elicitations used tenses for which it falls in the category of second sentence formation while remaining aligned with the C structure of the relative clause formation.Overall, while analyzing the sentences from the elicitation, it was noted that the first 85 sentences were formed by using the second type of clause formation . The relative clause in majority within the elicitation

Corporate involvement in public shool such as snack vending machines Research Paper

Corporate involvement in public shool such as snack vending machines - Research Paper ExampleFor example, earlier the advent of vending machines, employees used to leave their offices or workstations while students departed from the schools main buildings in order to go and make a purchase of either cigarettes, snacks, lottery tickets, alcohol, or cologne from the small shops that were located within the vicinity, which were been manned by attendants or shopkeepers. However, with technological advancement and the subsequent training of vending machines, which dispenses such small products mentioned above after customers inset authentic money on the machine, it was no longer viable to establish or plane maintain small shops around public places such as school or office compounds. The development of vending machines presented retailers with an opportunity to sell their assorted products at more convenient locations using branded vending machines, and according to Salyers, this has f urther provided retailers with an opportunity to market themselves in specific target markets (28-29). Because of this business interest, corporations have decease more involved in the affairs of schools particularly because of their vending machine services, and this presents both negative and positive extend to in public schools. Positive impact of the involvement of corporations in public schools

System Safety Engineering in the aviation industry Essay

System Safety Engineering in the aviation application - Essay ExampleNevertheless, it is arguably true that the modern forms of transport are more expensive and definitely more risky than the traditional forms of transport. The aviation perseverance f in alls under the modern transport systems and its contribution to the creation of a global economy is unquestionable. Statistically, over 2000 airlines in the world operate about 23,000 aircrafts in over 3700 airports. The US aviation pains registers about 11 million flight departures per year via its 100 plus certified passenger airlines thus become the most dominant airline industry in the world (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012). The aviation industry facilitates the endeavor of goods, people, and information across the globe. In fact, its impact ranges from its suffer operations and its influence on aircraft manufacturing and other fields. At the same time, the aviation industry is more significant in ensuring worl d surety where almost all nations use airplanes and helicopters to enhance security and attack enemies. More so, the aviation industry is significant in world surveillance and tourism where it ensures the safe and fast movement of tourists from one site to another. In addition, the aviation industry has been relevant in many rescue operations as well as staging diametrical entertainment extravaganzas. As such, the importance of the aviation industry is evident in many aspects. Nevertheless, for the aviation industry to prosper, abject security measures must be in place. Security in the aviation industry may relate to precaution of goods and people from accidents, hijackings, criminal attacks, engine failure, and possible natural calamities. Indeed, a lapse of security in the aviation industry is fatal, can cause serious injuries, attracts distractions of operations and accruals of huge costs, affects tourism, and destruction of properties. On the other hand, security in the aviat ion industry guarantees fewer accidents and injuries, improved maintenance scheduling and productivity, reduced material losses, a marketable safety record, high employee morale, resource utilization, and smooth running of the industry (Bayuk, 2012). This macrocosm the case, security in the aviation industry is very essential and the world through individual governments and organizations has initiated different mechanisms to ensure safety in the aviation industry. This motif will look into the system safety engineering in the aviation industry through various topics that include safety analysis in engineering, safety care, hazard analysis, process safety analysis, fault tree analysis, FMECA, human factors, and software safety, data sources and training, accident reporting and investigation, and risk evaluation. System safety refers to engineering and management principles, criteria that guarantee security. However, to ensure overall safety in the aviation industry, the need for a systems approach to safety management is inevitable. Nevertheless, the success of the adoption and effectiveness of a given safety management system highly depends on the organizations safety culture and other related factors. As such, safety in the aviation industry will require the input of every department and all parties involved with an aim of engaging in measures and practices that reduces safety risk. Ideally, the more the bout of people handling safety issues, the less the

Human right act 1998 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human right act 1998 - Case Study ExampleThis is a entrancement of Article 8 of the Human Rights Act of 1998. Secondly, this is in violation of Article 2, as Heather and Len argon not being given medical attention without their lives being at risk, which they feel will happen if they are apart. Finally, this could be viewed as a violation of Article 3, as they are being degraded by not being able to live their lives in the manner that they wish. Married couples should be permitted to live together and these circumstances are preventing this from occurring. Heather and Len should receive immediate legal help in erect to aim this situation. They must be taught exactly what their rights are because people tend to take advantage of those who are not sure exactly what their own rights are. Heather and Len possess every right to pursue the life that they desire and should use the Human Rights Act to do so.Figuring out action that rear be taken against Helpful Borough Council is a c omplicated process, especially given the age and the situation of Len and Heather. In previous times, the Human Rights Act did not expand into private companies that set aside a public service, which meant that retirement homes were essentially exempt from these laws. That has changed recently, however, as the elderly have been given more rights with which to fight back. The best thing that Len and Heather can do is have a lawyer come up with a list of the human rights violations that they are experiencing and present them to the Helpful Borough Council. If this does not get the in demand(p) reaction from them, then they should speak to Social operate and explain their situation. No matter what, Len and Heather will need outside help in order to alleviate this problem, as they must be made aware of the rights that they have, as well as what they can do to protect these rights. There are triplet important sections of the Human Rights Act of 1998 and the European Convention on Hum an Rights that must be considered in this particular case. The first comes under Article 8, which protects ones privateness and family life. This means that those who require long term care must be allowed to keep their family lives intact. Heather and Len have obviously had a family life together for a long period of time and, therefore, their right to this life is protected. The problem is that this legislation is not applied as much as it probably should be, meaning that these rights are frequently violated. Heather and Len should be advised to pursue these rights that have been given to them under the Human Rights Act and to take the matter to court if need be. The situation of the matter is that many elderly people do not know their rights and will simply go along with whatever the carer wants to do with them. This will very much lead to situations like with Len and Heather, as Caring Home does not have the right to change their family living arrangement. It is a common pract ice for Social Services to tell people like Len and Heather that there is nothing they can do and that since they need full time care, that they should take whatever care that they are given. This attitude clearly violated Article 8 and Len and Heather definitely have every right to pursue a living environment that meets their needs. other section of the Human Rights Act that could be being violated is Article 2, which says that Heather and Len have the right to medical treatment without their lives being put at

Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths Coursework

Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths - Coursework ExampleThe view has changed today and the Ameri stooges experience less economic mobility than before. Today, a farmer son is more(prenominal) likely to become a farmer than go into a more advanced professional career. This situation has been caused by escalating college costs limiting the number of people who get a chance to go to college. College today has become a major investment (Slemrod, 252). With the rising costs of living more people who are willing to enter college are unable to do so or drop out before finishing their course. The middle earners have been mostly affected compared to other classes. True. Markets can fail due to a number of reasons which results in the value of goods produced is lower than the value of goods unproduced. There are four types of marketplace failures which include public goods, externalities, imperfect information and market control. Public good market failure occurs because the nonpaying consumers cannot be excluded from consumption. Because of the large number of non-payers, the value of the goods produced reduces (Mazzucato, 65). Market failure from market control arises due to limited completion of the suppliers and this affects the demand and supply price. Externalities can in addition cause market failure by making the demand and supply price not to reflect the cost of production. Imperfect information also causes the supply price and demand price to be in disparity. This implies that the market price does not reflect the actual value of the product. It is that it is the key role of the organisation to address market failures. This is because there are no other interventions that can work to reverse market failures. The government can intervene by either direct government involvement in terms of production or provision in case of public goods (Slemrod, 321).

Music concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music concert report - Essay ExampleOther pieces played had incorporation of instruments such as deep guitar, Hammond organ, harmonica, and electric guitar blue rock. Personally, I comprehended the genre associated with heavy metal , boogie rock , Garage rock , southern rock , punk vapours hard rock. The band consisted of blend of old generation people with youthful blood in it. The organizers of the event sold their tickets through Ticketmaster.com quite early in time thus facilitating the convergence of a substantial number of people to the function. From the concert I mastered the relevant core blues rock. These were an electric guitar, scramble kit and bass guitar which the artists applied to ignite the mood of the people. The electric hugely amplified via the tube guitar in a typical overdrive effect. It was observable that to produce the customized reverberation, cardinal guitars were played in subsequence to riffs and some of the chords on the rhythmical guitar. Synchronic ally, another artist must be playing corresponding melodic lines and rhythmical solos from the carry guitar. While at the concerts we as the audience were served with cool nice combination of instruments melodies thus widening our zeal and love for the music. Am not a buff of rock but I had to appreciate the model on which it was availed. The musicals created a conducive and soothing environment. The fusion of drumbeats and other instruments provided very nice tranquility and relief zone.Personally, my main aim for the occasion was to relate with history.

Good Night and Good Luck Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good Night and Good Luck - Movie Review suitAs with all entities which do not posses power, new media was also controlled and influenced by different spheres of power. This was the period when the cold war was at its initial stages.The government was exploitation all take of communication it could to gather support for its anti communism agenda. This agenda allowed American governments to allocate billions of dollars to defense contracts and war spending. This cold war green goddess hysteria was being sponsored by many different spheres of power. The propaganda was so strong that being a communist became a crime. The government used all resources that it could rise to spread this hatred towards communism. The television was in that time period a new phenomenon. The attraction of television to masses was tremendous and very reliable. People took it as a new and reliable source because there was a lack of understanding about it. The government tried to use this as a propaganda sh it for their anti communist agenda.One senator of Wisconsin took this as a personal crusade and went to all means necessary to propagate his anti communist agenda. There were moreover some men even than who understood the real place of television journalism. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin faced severe criticism and retaliation from the CBS new team. These people were willing to compete to any means necessary to ensure that trust prevailed at all cost. The main man in this fight for the freedom and independence of new media was Edward R. Murrow. His team included co-producer Fred Friendly and reporter Joseph Wershba. The main revenues as is understood came from the commercial. At that time there was no concept of paper per view. Therefore television channels were completely dependent on TV commercials to fund their operations. Edward R. Murrow and his team had to face a huge pressure from many different corporate sponsors as well.When control panel Vidal said that television was the first time in world

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 16

Case study - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, the legitimacy theory studies the reactions of stakeholders in monetary value of their social obligations and requirements as imposed by the society and other forces. These two theories will provide insights into the reactions of BP following the oil spill.The stakeholder and legitimacy theories remain some of the approximately relied upon theories that explain the nature of reaction and approaches that companies, firms, and businesses undertake when faced with various perspectives (Friedman & Miles, 2006). These theories attempt to expose the driving motives and the determining interests that help companies to develop various choices and alternatives as mute together with the policy framework of the companies. The choice of an approach is often determined by the long-term and short-term objectives of the company. These objectives may relate to matters of performance, public image, brand protection, strategic considerations, and the cos ts involved. The long-term considerations of a companys interests are largely conditioned by multiple factors that make it necessary for companies to adopt approaches that can resistance them against the perils of the market and the unpredictable nature of the business environment (Solomon, 2011).The stakeholder theory spells out terms for the survival and the sustainability of any company. According to this theory, firms should seek to create, sustain, and increase value for every last(predicate) its stakeholders for the purposes of performance and survival (Philips, 2011 Philips, 2003). The theory begins from the point that the existence, performance, and progress of a firm is significantly dependent on the harmony that must exist among the stakeholders. Any adverse effect on one or some of the stakeholders will invariably spill over to the other stakeholders. As such, the work of the management is to harmonize, streamline, and regulate the actions, policies, strategies, and

Construction Economics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Construction Economics Assignment - Essay ExampleMany citizenry took out very large mortgages. In 1983, the average new mortgage was approximately 2.1 times yearbook average earnings. By 1989 this had risen to 3.4 times annual average earnings.House prices were rising uncontrollably and bringing considerable inflationary pressures to bear within the economy. As a result, the government increased rates and cut down government assistance to home ownership. The impact of these measures plus a worsening economic environment drove house prices down and the housing market into a state of recession (Williams and Holmans, 1996).In mid 1989 house prices started a downward trend for the next six years, falling by 12 per cent, before grasp a trough in July 1995.In the years 1990 - 1995 house prices fell by around 12.2%. Many people found themselves in a position of having disconfirming equity on their property because the value of the mortgage now exceeded the property value. This meant ma ny people were unable to move house without taking a loss.Then, in 1996, house prices began to rise again. The UK housing market started to recover with a 7 per cent increase in prices. The low rice beer rates enjoyed by UK homeowners come reduced mortgage payments as a proportion of gross earnings for the average purchaser from 22 per cent to just 15 per cent. Consequently, mortgage payments aim for a smaller share of income than at almost anytime since 1983 and are well below the 36 per cent peak in 1990.Since May 1997, house prices stool been on a steady rise. Many factors have contributed to this increase including growing population, rising employment, increasing number of households, limited supply of new housing properties and the maturation of alternatives like buy-to-let. Another important reason is the increase in popularity of real estate as an investment avenue. Fall in the level of confidence in traditional investments and increase in speculative avenues has contri buted immensely to this. The fall in long-term real sideline rates - the gap between inflation and interest rates on government bonds - has helped support property investments. The most complimenting factor, however, has been the short-term interest rate set by the brink.The sharp fall in prices at the end of 1980s and early 1990s pushed the interest rates to very low levels in relation to rents and other assets and incomes. This, combined with the realization that lower interest rates were meant to stay, created a strong and steady rise.By 2001, though house prices were still below their long-term trend, the boom had begun to fade. Further to this, there followed a serial of global events that ruptured the boom even further. In response to the bursting of the dotcom bubble, September 11 and the start of the Iraq war, the Bank cut rates, taking them all the way down to 3.5% during 2003. Then, however, the Bank switched into tightening mode, raising Bank rate five times between No vember 2003 and August 2004. The results of this on the housing market were significant, producing the famous 2004-5 pause in prices. closing of equilibrium price and quantityThe determination of price depends on the type of market organization the product belongs to. In a competitive market, the point of product of market demand and supply curves determines the

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay ExampleAs the paper declares aft(prenominal) analyzing and comparing the Working Capital of both the companies, the result clearly indicates that L.L. Sams Companys current condition is much superior to that of Garcia Career Services. Hence, the banks decision should be to give loan to L.L. Sams Company as this company seems to be the most appropriate for the loan and has the greatest assurance that its liabilities can be paid out of the current assets. This essay discusses that in an assessment of the overall liquidity of the current assets, the current trend of gross revenue in an important factor. Since it takes sales to convert inventory into receivables or cash, an up trend of sales indicates that the conversion of inventories into more liquid assets will be easier to achieve than what sales remain constant. Declining sales, on the other hand, will retard the conversion of inventories into cash. When we measure the net income earned by a bu siness we are measuring its economic performance its success or failure as a business enterprise. Decision making processes of loan allocation requires a great variety of data processing, a tolerant range of reliability, and relevance to the decision at hand. The information used includes data on general economic conditions and on industry trends, as well as data on intangibles such as the character and motivation of the management group.

Rc car shell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rc simple machine shell - Essay ExampleShells for RC cars can be manufactured using a variation of ways, which have similarities but differ in different ways. The common aspect with all the manufacturing processes is that they require a mould or pattern that takes the shape of the car shell so that the design of the shell can be similar. The moulds are in like manner different because some of them are positive whereas others are negative (Groover 2013). before manufacturing begins, the company must choose the best process in basis of a variety of needs. For instance, the manufacturing process to be chosen should be fast, time witting and should also have the ability for a high product output but at the same time produce high quality products. It should also use readily available and cheap raw materials rather than expensive ones.As stated above, many processes exist that can be applied when manufacturing RC haywire shell. These include Compression moulding, Reaction Injection M oulding, thermoforming and transfer moulding. All these manufacturing processes are viable for manufacturing an RC Buggy shell. This paper will discuss all these manufacturing processes in terms of their viability, advantages and disadvantages and make a recommendation on the one that is the most viable option among them for manufacturing an RC Buggy shell.Reaction Injection Moulding This is one of the methods that are utilise to manufacture shell for RC cars. In this method, the manufacturer has to build a special mould using a pattern that is similar to the shape of RC buggy Shell. by and by the first process, the manufacturer can then start working with the material that should be used. This is important because the method requires a mixture of two materials that must be put into a mould cavity, where a chemical reaction is introduced so that these two materials can react to form a solid in a solidification process that creates a cross-link between the materials

Portfolio letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portfolio letter - Essay ExampleIt was hard for me to give feedback at the beginning because I did not know what to say. After reading their essays, it always gave me some ideas on how to improve my writing. I canvased a lot about writing and real enjoyed this class.I chose Assignment 1 to put in my portfolio because I spent much time on it, such as revising. This assignment can meditate how my writing skill has improved from the past. Coming from a non English speaking background can be a milestone in the quest to gain vigor how to speak and write English properly. As seen in the assignment different words in English and mandarin looked and sounded different as well as their direct translation which to a young person proved very confusing (Adamson, 30).In order to become a diffident writer I had to chose English as my second language and mandarin as my first language since it was used at home, therefore, it was easy to pick as it came automatically. Choosing English as a second language meant that I had to think in English as opposed to mandarin in order to prevent direct translations.To learn to think in English I read English books about fairy tales so as to have the mindset of an English speaking shaver (Adamson, 25). The books included fairy story books like Cinderella, Walt Disney and many others. I travelled to the USA to better equip myself with the English language and area Mr. Rebello. This teacher do me write summer vacation journal, records of daily entries of the extra-curricular activities, poems and video translations over and over again to rid myself of the previous mistakes. Of most importance is the use of peer refresh method to grade and review other students work. This is important as it highlights our mistakes as well as other peoples mistakes. At the same time it shows the extent of improvement. I revised my work, edited them until other people could positively review my work.The second

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Political Science - Essay ExampleFrederick Douglass defined the celebration of the Fourth of July from the point of view of an African American in his 1852 wrangle at Rochester, New York. At that time, slavery of African Americans was at its peak and he was the first to address the feelings true of an American Slave toward the celebration of Fourth of July as he sees t as mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy covering up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages (Douglass).The Declaration of liberty was not only about getting independence from the Kingdom of grand Britain but was also about freedom, equality, and liberty. The members of the Continental Congress firmly believed that all hands are created equal and thus have certain unalienable rights including those of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (Digital History). They made it clear in the declaration that it is the responsibility of the government to solid these rights of every American ci tizen and should a government fail to do so, or becomes a threat itself, the people have the right to alter or to do away with it, and to institute new Government(Digital History). These are the foundations that were laid by the forefathers of America and this is where the true meaning of Fourth of July lies.In a study conducted by the bailiwick Assessment of Educational Progress in 2011, it was found that only 25 per cent of fourth grade students were aware of the purpose of Declaration of Independence speckle 26 per cent of the total adults surveyed by a public opinion institute were not aware of the fact that America gained independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (Shammas). It is clear from this survey that the true spirit of Fourth of July is dying.For me, Fourth of July is still about freedom, liberty, and pursuit of happiness not just for myself, but for all the Americans. Unfortunately, the speech made by Frederick Douglas is still true today as not all

Balanced Scorecard Essay Example for Free

Balanced Scorecard EssayRivalry amongst competing firms orchard apple tree is in the unique situation that it has its own copyrighted operating system and only used by Apple. So although the competition is fierce for customers, it is a several(predicate) type of battle for Apple than for others such as Samsung, Google or Microsoft. Apple does face stiff competition but it is in the battle for use-case preference. The Android or Windows OS is different than the Apple iOS and consumers make a choice as to which road they atomic number 18 going to go down. Apple is competing for winning this important thought process and decision-making process. They are not competing on ironware alone because Apple alone produces their products with their OS. The competition will continue for easily the foreseeable future, 10 years and beyond, as the world becomes more digitized. Force naturalize electric potential Entry of New Competitors The barriers to entry in this industry are steep. C ost of production is very high for new entrants until significant economies of scale are reached.Over the next 10 years there will be m each new entrants into the industry though either brand new, or companies already in similar technology markets that will branch out into markets that compete with Apple. Again, that would be a competition for OS preference, not hardware per se. There is forever and a day the possibility of an entirely new and 4th, or more, operating systems being developed as technology advances. Moores Law tells us this is likely but demanding to ascertain from where it will come, whether it will be significantly better than any existing, and if it will gain wide user acceptance.Force Weak to Moderate Potential Development of substitute products Again, since Apple has its own exclusive OS, substitute products are only a threat as being other choices of entirely different OSs from Microsoft or Android producers, or any other possible future OS development. But A pple does not contribute any substitute for its own products. Force Weak Bargaining Power of Buyers Apple users tend to stay Apple users. Their loyalty is strong and they love Apple products.Apple charges a premium for its products but the image and allure of Apple products and their perceived high quality keep unit sales strong. Although technology economies of scale have certainly been reached in Apple production, they have continued to keep their products priced higher that competing products. Buyer choice based on price alone should affect suppuration amongst some new customer segments, but will have little effect on the current loyal Apple user base.Unless their products begin to bear some of their luster and appeal and effectiveness, they should remain strong for the future. Force Weak Bargaining Power of Suppliers With Apples exclusive product line and OS and the relatively small number of products, they are not threatened by supplier power. Apple can easily find factori es more than willing to be a part of the Apple supply chain. As their products gain more market share and production increases, Apple is in an ideal situation to decimate their suppliers effectively.

Single Parent Households and Crime Essay Example for Free

Single Parent Households and Crime EssayPeople claimed that growing up in a fatherless or motherless home was the major cause of child poverty, delinquency, and school failure, while others denied that single parenthood had any hurtful effects. And some objected even to discussing the topic for fear of stigmatizing single mothers or fathers and their children. Not talking ab reveal single parenthood is scarcely an option. More than half of the children innate(p) in 1994 will spend some or all of their childhood with only one parent, typically their mother. If current patterns hold, they will likely experience higher(prenominal) rates of poverty, school failure, and other problems as they grow up. The long-range consequences could have enormous implications. (Article/consequences-single-motherhood familyinequality.wordpress) But what exactly are the consequences how large and concentrated among what groups? Do they forecast on whether a single mother is widowed, split, or nev er married?Does public support for single mothers inadvertently increase the number of women who get divorced or choose to have a baby on their own? Children who grow up with only one of their biological parents (nearly always the mother) are separate across a broad array of outcomes. They are twice as likely to drop out of high school, 2.5 times as likely to depart teen mothers, and 1.4 times as likely to be idle out of school and out of work as children who grow up with both parents. Children in one-parent families also have lower grade point averages, lower college aspirations, and poorer attendance records. As adults, they have higher rates of divorce. These patterns persist even after adjusting for differences in race, parents education, number of siblings, and residential location. (Article/consequences-single-motherhood familyinequality.wordpress)The evidence, however, does not show that family disruption is the principal cause of high school failure, poverty, and delinqu ency. While 19 percent of all children drop out of high school, the dropout rate for children in two-parent families is 13 percent. Thus, the dropout rate would be only 33 percent lower if all families had two parents and the children currently living with a single parent had the same dropout rates as children living with two parents a highly improbable assumption. (Article/consequences-single-motherhood familyinequality.wordpress ) Family disruption also undermines childrens access to community resources or what sociologist James Coleman calls social capital.Divorce and remarriage often precipitate moves out of a community, disrupting childrens relationships with peers, teachers, and other adults. During middle childhood and early adolescence, a child in a stable family experiences, on average, 1.4 moves. The average child in a single-parent family experiences 2.7 moves in a stepfamily, the average child experiences 3.4 moves. (ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/DeMuthandBrownJRCD) So all this information provided, I control that children growing in a single parent household, and a child having family disruptions, does impact delinquency within in juveniles Im not say its a 100% guarantee a child will fall into delinquency because of one parent households, Im just agreeing that the hatchway is a higher risk.

Personal Portfolio Essay Example for Free

Personal Portfolio EssayMy journey as a student expounded out as a young child. Coming from nurturing parents, I was continuously taught my ABCs, 123s and colors. I was an eager student and when it was sequence to go to school, I was excited and motivated. As I moved on in my educational career, I didnt keep with the same attitude I started with when I was younger. I feel now, Ive regained my resentment to be a student with the maturity Ive gained over just this past year. I feel that I will al rooms be a student because I will never cease to learn. Ive been successful and unsuccessful in my efforts in my formal education. With each new endeavor I cultivate, I learn more or lessthing new about myself and what I can handle. One of the biggest things Ive accomplished was the completion of high school. For me, my high school years were some of my darkest. I was in regular day school or the first two years and because of personal issues spent the last two years on home instruct ion.Being able to graduate with a high school diploma in the allotted 4 year time span meant so much to me and still does. Another successful experience Ive had before coming to MCC was obtaining my Medical Assistant Certification. I operateed in the field for some time and decisions I made in my life, lead me to give away what I had worked so hard for. The most recent and successful thing Ive through thus far is coming to MCC. Before enrolling here, I was in a very lost and dark place in my life. I wasnt accepted if I was ever going to get out. I was given an opportunity at a second chance and I am going to take full advantage of it this time around.Ive encountered many challenges along the way some of them Ive even let stunt me in my growth as a person in society. When I was in grammar school, I lost my father suddenly, as I entered high school I fell into the misuse crowd of friends and my life took a turn down the wrong path for a while and I have a diagnosed mental illness t hat makes fooling life difficult sometimes. Ive erudite that I need to be open and honest with my life in order to get better. How Ive learned cope with theses everyday challenges it to just face every day and know my limits. I attend self-help groups that have changed my life and afforded me with nineteen months clean and showed me there is a better way to live.I decided to enroll in Middlesex County College because I need a change of pace. Before coming to MCC, I was stagnant I wasnt for certain Id ever move from the dreary place I found myself in. When the Fall 2012 semester was about to close, I had a choice, was I going to participate in life or was another year going to pass me by? I made a decision to stick all my fears aside and enroll.Honestly, the first few weeks of that fall semester were great. I felt on top of the world, things were coming so easy. Then reality started to set in. I saw that I was in remedial classes and my friends were in more advanced courses some even in universities. Life started to show up and responsibilities were beginning to bump on my door and tests were on days I lossed to have for myself. I felt trapped and on some days, I really wanted to give up. However, I kept pushing forward because I know that I came this far and wasnt going to give up over a little pressure. Plus, I had so much support from the people that love me I was doing this more for just selfish reasons this time.Im not sure how my professors this semester would describe me being weve only known each other a on the spur of the moment period of time. Going on the opinion of last semesters professors, I feel they would describe me as outgoing and responsible. I remain accountable for the things I do and the things I acquiret do. Im on time for classes and not shy about asking for help or staying after class to voice a concern. That is something Ive learned in my short time as a college student and its taught me well.An academic goal of mine in the sh ort term has been in the short term to substitute my remedial classes and some of my basic psychology classes. In the long term I would then like to matriculate to Rutgers University to complete my Bachelors degree. It has always been a dream of mine to graduate from the University my mother did. Although I dont want to follow in the medical field the same way my mother did, I still want to obtain my doctorate as she did. I feel it is in my blood to help people, just in distinct ways.I plan to accomplish this goal by staying focused on my plan and using my time wisely. I need to start to identify my weaknesses and work on them more thoroughly. I need to obtain better study skills begin to prepare to the weeks ahead instead of the just the week or the day. Also, I need to get out of the mindset that things will get done for me or over time just go away in life, things dont happen like that.In conclusion, I plan to take my new lease on life and my academic career very seriously. I h ave a pretty good understanding what is ahead of me of me given I keep doing the next right thing. On the other hand I know what is waiting for me if I slip and go back to the life I was leading before I made the decision to change and start this new way of life. The good thing about today is today I am free and have a choice of what I want to do. I no longer have to be dictated to on what I have to get done, its my life and from this point on I will decide how I will live each day.

Housing, Economic Growth and Poverty: A Literature Review

trapping, Economic Growth and P all overty A Literature ReviewAbstractThis paper reviews lit on the relationship in the midst of admit pay, stinting egress and impoverishment. bandage it is evident that accommodate twirl creates jobs, the review reveals that in that location is a need for much re calculate to determine the long-term stinting benefits of accommodate and whether caparison pay in take upicular nominate be an nubive tool in eradicating privation. The limited show is due in part to limits in data and the need to utilize robust econometric techniques to determine the perpet symmetryn of causality in these relationships (i.e. does increase scotch growth top to increase demand for caparison and hence house mental synthesis and finance or does accommodate construction and finance lead to increased frugal growth and start out exiguity). Though forgetful contract evidence was found, the monetary compound literature suggests that as caparison f inance deepens pecuniary markets, it whitethorn play a situation in pauperism every(prenominal)eviation. This relationship should be enquired further.1. IntroductionWhile the focus of this review is to summarize empirical evidence regarding the relationship between lodgment, economic growth and poverty, in that location is considerable stylized and anecdotal evidence that makes a case for hold as a prescription for poverty. This literature is extensive although recent books on eradicating poverty in the under create world say very little explicitly about the role of trapping. The End of Poverty by Jeffrey Sachs (2011), dry lands that most would conduct that fact that schools, clinics, roads, electricity, ports, soil nutrients, clean drinking water and the same argon the basic necessities for a life of dignity and health, as closely as for economic productivity. Sachs goes on to delineate the st locategy for ending extreme poverty by 2025. While he mentions let on inve stments in people and in infrastructure, he does non explicitly mention lodgment. The same can be said of Banerjee and Duflo (2011) and Karlan and Appel (2011). Perhaps there is an underlying assumption that housing is necessary. Perhaps, housing is considered part of the infrastructure that they tie in to. Or, perhaps the underlying bacillusief is that economic growth exit lead to better housing conditions. At any valuate, a specific consideration of the meeting of housing on poverty is not given in these recent books on the subject of eradicating poverty in this millennium. This is representative of what was discovered upon reviewing the empirical literature on this issue.Some authors assert thathousing loans and finance atomic number 18 needed barely do not provide economic analysis toback this claim. For suffice, Bunnarith(2004) in discussing national housing policy in Cambodia asserts that housingis needed so that people can have a safe and secure environment. t here is no discussion in his policy paper ofthe true economic daze of housing construction or finance on economic growthor poverty reduction. Similarly, Habitatfor Humanity specific solelyy acknowledges that housing is necessary to eradicatepoverty. In Consequences of Poverty hold, Habitat for Humanity asserts that the lack of suitable housingcreates disadvantages at many levels. Itis seen as interfering with a households ability to break out of povertybecause so much of the households m and bullion is spent on house maintenanceand repairs and not on food, health, education and income generation. Due to a lack of suitable housing, there is little capability arising from illnesses, inability to educate children and aninability to provide a safe and secure environment for economic endeavors. These are testable implications however littlehas been done to document these losings empirically, likely due to datalimitations. Some evidence is found andlisted in the education section.Whi le there is quite a bitof literature on the interactions between GDP and housing investment, there issurprisingly little evidence documenting the relationship between housing,economic growth and poverty. One reasonfor the limited evidence is limitations in quantity of data in develop countries,e particular(prenominal)ly the poorest ones, Hull (2009).A second reason for the limited evidence is that it is difficult todetermine the direction of causality between economic growth and housing. Thereis a need to use general equilibrium sit arounds which are not easily tested withthe chromosome mappingal data in the developing countries.Data limitations are particularly severe when trying to test theserelationships in the poorest of the developing countries. Finally, macroeconomics and housing financewere not analyze in skill in economic literature prior to the 1980s, even for theU.S. When studies were done theytypically looked at housing demand as a function of income and growth not t he wallop of housing on economic growth, see Leung (2004). Even if where there is analysis of housingfinance in developed countries, it whitethorn be difficult to make direct inferencesabout relationships between housing and economic growth in developing countriesusing those results because so many some former(a) factors are at work including financial sector growth, regimen involvement and types of housing.With these limitations in mind, there is some information that whitethorn be useful in analyzing the bushel of housing finance on economic growth, job creation and poverty. The collision of housing on economic growth, in developed and some developing markets is high school decreaseed in the next section. Next, there is a review of the impact of housing on job growth. The third section reviews what is known about the impact of housing and housing finance on job creation. Section four reviews the impact of housing finance on poverty. Some inferences in that section are grou nd on studies of financial market development on poverty. Section five examines potential societal and revenue consequences of housing. Finally there is a summary of chanceings in section six.2. caparison and Economic ImpactHousing and Economic GrowthHongyu, park and Siqi(2002) recognize the causality dilemma when studying housing investment andeconomic growth. They use Grangercausality tests to study the case of China from 1981 2000. This study does not address the povertyimpact it just studies housing and economic growth. The authors muster that compared to non-housinginvestment, housing investment has a stronger short- go along effect on economicgrowth. They also identify that housinginvestment has a long run impact on economic growth but not on non-housinginvestment. On the other hand, economicgrowth has a long run impact on both housing and non-housing investment. These findings suggest that housing is importationant in explaining only short-term economic cycles in econo mic growth. Chen and Zhu (2008) alsostudy the long- and short- run relationship between housing investment andeconomic growth in China. The authorslook at panel data from 1999 finished 2007.They use robust econometric tests to examine Granger causality of therelationship and find that the relationship is bidirectional in both short and long- run. In other words, in Chinaduring this period, housing investment impacted economic growth and viceversa. It will be touching to see ifthis result holds over a long-dated period where more economic cycles are includedin the data. Interestingly, therelationship is different depending on which provinces are analyzed. The eastern provinces show bidirectionalcausality like the overall results but results for other provinces showthat GDP granger causes housing investment but not vice versa.In addition to theempirical analysis of the relationship between housing and economic growth,there are some estimates of multiplier effects associated with c onstruction indeveloping countries. For example, Uy(2006) cites that for every 1 peso spent on housing activities in thePhilippines, an additional 16.61 pesos is contributed to the GDP. In genus Argentina, Freire, et. al (2006) estimatethat a 1,000,000 peso investment in construction leads to 1.8 times that addin demand. In 1995, a United Nationsstudy indicated that in most developing countries construction of low- incomehousing is labor intensive and therefore housing construction has a highmultiplier effect of between 2 and 3 times the initial investment. This arises due to the large infrastructureinvestment (roads, utilities, water, etc.) required in housing development inthose countries. . In comparison, The National Association ofRealtors model suggests that the multiplier for home sales in the U.S. isbetween 1.34 and 1.62.Erbas and Nothaft (2002)study a sample of MENA (Middle east and North African) countries. utilise parameters from the U.S. they simulatethe impact that a mendd home mortgage availability would have on housingmarkets and economic growth in these countries.They find that mortgage market reforms would increase housing unitsbuilt by 10% with a 600 basis point decline in mortgage interest rates. The impact that the increased mortgageaccessibility and housing would have on economic growth is not significanthowever. That is because they find, likeother studies, that increased investment in housing crowds out investment inother sectors. The impact on overallgrowth will be great if this housing finance helps to improve small business quotation.Housing Finance and AffordabilityDubel (2007) proposes a model where housing prices aredetermined by rents, R, growth, g, and the opportunity cost of capital, k,where P = R/(k g). The role of housing finance in this model is to reducethe cost of capital. As that cost islowered, housing prices fall and affordability of housing increases.Housing and SavingsBuckley (1996) cites several(prenominal)(prenom inal) reasons that mortgage market development can improve household savings. First, the return to housing will likely provide positive returns especially in light of rapid urbanization in developing countries. Second, housing provides the most secure collateral against market fluctuations and a positive yield over the long-run. Third, housing prices are less volatile than other addition prices. quartetteth, the availability of housing improves labor mobility and therefore employment potential. Finally, the availability of affordable housing finance may lead to increased savings as potential homeowners save to make the required down payment and to maintain their asset.While many of the work in this welkin suggests that there should be benefits to overall savings and investment arising from increased access to affordable housing, the literature does not appear to have documented these benefits empirically. This is an area wholesome-situated for further exploration.3. Housing and Job CreationThe Case of the United StatesWardrip, Williams andHague (2011) review the literature on the role of affordable housing inparticular, in creating jobs and impact local economic development in theU.S. They find that the development ofaffordable housing increases spending and employment in the surroundingeconomy. There are several models usedin the housing literature that use inputs much(prenominal) as information on the purchaseand production of goods and services for hundreds of U.S. industry sectors, thetype and procedure of businesses in a given community, and a measure of thespending associated with a given program.Given these inputs, the models output the level of economic performanceexpected for a given level of housing investment. For example, the National Association of baseBuilders uses a proprietary model to estimate the impact of building 100 newlow-income housing tax credit developments for families. The model predicts that the investment will,on average, lead to the creation of 80 new jobs from the direct and indirecteffects of construction and 42 jobs support by the induced effects ofincreased spending. In the long-term,building these units also leads to 30 new jobs that support on-going consumeractivity of the new residents.Market-rate apartment housing will create a similar amount of jobs withjust a couple of additional jobs (32) supported by households occupying the newhomes. Of course the models aredependent on the productivity of investment within the community and wouldlikely look very different across countries being considered. It will depend significantly on the amount ofskilled labor available for the construction work since 70% of the jobs createdas a direct or indirect result of the new construction, are in factconstruction jobs.Rural vs. urbanIn support of the findingsabove, in considering the impact of housing development on a rural communityseconomy, the Housing Assistance Council states that housing construction and rehabilitation have a high ratio (62.3%) of value-added to gross expendings. This means that a large percentage of theoutlay for housing construction is available to create wages and salaries, andstimulate job growth in rural economies in the U.S. The document does not compare the ratio forrural communities with that in urban communities. This is an all-important(prenominal) distinction since mostof the growth in developing countries centers around urban areas. Quigley (2008) suggests that results on therelationships between investment and economic growth may be dependent onwhether that investment is rural or urban.The author finds that urbanization promotes productivity due to increasesin specialization, centralization of knowledge, complementarities in productionand economies of home plate and scope. Ifthis is true, an investment in an urban center may produce greater economicgrowth than that same investment in a rural area. This will be an important factor in directinghousing policy and finance.Housing and Jobs in Emerging MarketsIn emerging markets thereis some data on job creation as well as the previously cited multiplier effectsassociated with construction. For example,in Argentina, Freire, Hassler, et. al (2006) estimate that a 1,000,000 pesoinvestment in construction creates some 40 jobs directly and 20 jobs indirectlyfrom services and related industries. Tipple(1994) cites many studies that find multiplier effects from housinginvestment. For example, the NationalBuilding Organization in India estimates that a $1,000,000 investment inbuilding construction leads to 600 on-site jobs and 1,000 indirect jobs. The construction abut may stimulateeconomic growth through backward bear onages (e.g. processing building materials)and forward linkages during and after the construction process (e.g.restaurants, repair shops and small scale manufacturing). However, according to Erbas and Nothaft(2002), housing construction in some developing countries is gen uinely quitecapital intensive and reliant on imported materials as a result only a smallpercentage of the labor force of these developing countries is employed inconstruction. In addition to the constructionrelated jobs, Dubel (2007) finds apositive correlation between financial and real estate related services and thehousing to GDP ratio. Specifically,during the property market upturn in Hong Kong in the 1980s and early 1990s, adoubling of the housing market share of GDP led the share of financial,insurance, real estate and business services to tercet from 6.5% to 16.3% ofGDP. Other service sectors, includingcommunity, social and person-to-person services also grew, likely as a result ofindirect inputs to construction activity as well as increased taxrevenues. 4. Housing and Its Impact on PovertyThe literature on therelationship between housing and poverty is much little than that on housingand economic growth. Hull (2009) notesthere are significant data limitations especially o n headcount poverty andlabor market outcomes. These data limitationsmake testing difficult. There is aparticular need for data in sub-Saharan Africa.Some findings can be noted and they suggest that all housing investmentis not created equal when it comes to addressing poverty. Some of these studies are highlighted here.Gutierrez et al.(2007) find strong evidence that the sectoral pattern of growth and itsemployment and productivity-intensities matter for poverty reduction. Whileemployment-intensive growth in the secondary sector (manufacturing,construction, mining and utilities) is correlated with poverty reduction,employment-intensive growth in agriculture is correlated with increases in thepoverty headcount. By extension, ifhousing creates growth in manufacturing, construction, mining and utilities, itmay be effective in reducing poverty.Similarly, Hull (2009) finds the construction sector is relativelyproductive but not in all countries.That is, construction reduces measures of p overty in some but not allcountries.Erbas and Nothaft (2002)find that low income housing has a lower import component in production andalso higher labor intensity. Thisimplies that construction of low income housing will lead to greater employmentand growth than the construction of middle or high income housing. Construction of low income housing caneffectively improve the invigoration standards of the poorer segments of thepopulation in two ways by creation of jobs and by creation of suitablehousing.Tipple (1994) reviews theliterature on the links between employment and housing development and showsthat investment in tax shelter is very effective for promoting employment,especially among lower-income groups some of the benefits to the economy tendto be inversely proportional to housing cost meaning that low cost housing ismore beneficial to the economy. Theinformal sector and small-scale enterprises tend to outperform the formalsector and larger enterprises.Housing Policy and Pov erty in evolution CountriesAs housing finance policyis considered, the housing programs and policies of local governments must beaccounted for in order to assess the potential effectiveness of housing financein different countries. For example,Malpezzi and Sa-Aadu (1996) review contemporary African housing markets and policies. They find that resource allocation in thesecountries was quite different than their intended objectives. These policies have deter housinginvestment and have been both inequitable and distortional. The authors suggest that privatization ofhousing investment is more efficient and the African governments need todisengage. Taking the example of theU.S., direct government housing production has been less efficient than privatesector tax incentives in developing affordable housing see Erbas and Nothaft(2002). Researchers and policymakers have noted thatthe housing finance systems in some countries have not been effective inreaching the low income segments of the population. For example, Moss (2004) states that in SouthAfrica the housing finance system has had little impact on the low-incomesegment of the population. Specifically,attempts to expand credit into this market through micro-loans have been characterizedby initiatives that have yet to demonstrate some form of success. The financial sector in South Africa consistsof many banks, a number of specialized finance companies and a large number ofthe so-called alternative lenders.Future studies should investigate which of these alternatives is likelyto have success in reaching the lower income segments of the population. According to Moss (2004), housing finance hasalso not been very successful in Nigeria where the interruption between income andshelter cost is very wide and has basically eliminated the low income earnersfrom the housing market. Similarly, Rahman(2009) states that the lack of available and accessible housing finance hasbeen identified by the Government of Bangladesh as o ne of the important hurdlesin improving housing conditions for middle- and lower-income households.Although several potential sources of housing finance for mid- and high-incomeconsumers exist, most of the low-income families needs are still unmet.Housing Finance in growth MarketsWhile there are differences in how housing finance occurs across developing countries, there are some similarities and shared concerns. The degree to which a countrys banks invest in mortgage lending is relatively low in developing countries when compared to developed countries. For example, Rahman (2009) cites that in Bangladesh, 4% of banking sector assets are in housing. In many countries there are state funded and/or sponsored housing finance institutions with government guarantees. However, there may be allocation problems in that loans are allocated based on politics and not on financials and the granting process can be long and inefficient. There are not as many types of mortgage instruments and in fact many countries are just beginning to grant fixed-rate mortgages which eliminate interest rate risk for the borrower. The maturity of mortgage loans tends to be shorter in developing countries 10 years is the maximum term for some mortgages in Bangladesh. In addition to state sponsored financial institutions and banks, home finance is offered by micro finance institutions. In Bangladesh, one such institution offers these loans for a term of 10 years without collateral. Although there is no collateral, the borrower must obtain title to the land and must sign a pledge to revert and obtain a group pledge to repay the loan if he or she fails to do so. These programs tend to rely on a borrowers track record, group pressure and mutual support to throw credit risk. Moss (2004) finds similarities in housing finance in South Africa and to a lesser extent, Nigeria, Ghana and Tanzania. In most of these countries, anecdotal evidence suggests that the supply of housing finance is much les s than the demand and that the institutional structures have not provided sufficient access to housing for the poor.Housing, monetary compound andPovertyOne segment of housingfinance is the secondary mortgage market and the creation of mortgageinstruments or bonds. While there hasnot been research on the development of mortgage markets and povertyspecifically, the development of those markets can be viewed as part of anoverall financial compound of the capital markets in these developingcountries. Financial deepening has beenstudied and it may serve as a proxy for the development of secondary mortgage marketsto the extent that they occur simultaneously.At any rate, the development of a secondary mortgage market would beconsistent with increasing the breadth and depth of the capital market. Therefore, a review of the relationship betweenfinancial deepening and poverty may tell something about the potential impactof mortgage market development and poverty.Consistent with this view, Malpezzi (1999) suggests that much of theworld is shifting from a housing finance perspective, where special circuitsare used to mobilize short-term household deposits for long-term mortgages, toa perspective where housing finance is integrated with broader capital markets.Buckley and Madhusudhan (1984) test a model ofthe relationship between housing investment and GDP, anticipated inflation,changes in inflation and the extent of capital deepening across severaldeveloping and transition countries.They find that, holding all else constant countries with deeperfinancial markets invest relatively more in housing. Singh and Huang (2011) analyze data from sub-SaharanAfrica between 1992 and 2006. They findthat financial deepening (as measured in part by credit to the private sectoras a percent of GDP) is associated with less poverty and income disparities inSSA countries and that this is most important in early stages of financialdevelopment. Stronger property rightsstrengthen this relat ionship. Finally,Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (2004) examine a broad cross country sample of58 developing countries and find that financial development (as measured by theratio of financial intermediation to the private section to GDP) reduces incomeinequality by disproportionately raising the incomes of the poor.Impact of Financial Deepening on theBase of the Pyramid and Absolute PoorSingh & Huang (2011) look at different definitions of poverty and examine the impact of financial deepening on them. The measures of poverty include, the headcount index which measures the percentage of the population living with per capita consumption or income below the poverty line, defined as US$1 a day. some other measure is the poverty gap which takes into account the distance of the poor from the poverty line. A third measure is the income of the poorest quintile or average per capita income of the poorest 20 percent of the population. Using each of these measures of poverty and a sample of S SA countries, the authors find that poverty is inversely related to financial deepening. The authors also look at the Gini coefficient which is derived from the Lorenz curve. Larger values of this coefficient indicated greater income inequality. For this variable the relationship between poverty and financial deepening is insignificant. In other words, financial deepening reduces absolute levels of poverty but does not impact income inequality in a significant manner in this sample of SSA countries. This suggests that various definitions should be examined to gain further insight into the relationship between housing and poverty and to capture the impact on the absolute poor.5. Housing Finance and Revenue and loving ConsequencesGovernment Revenue Links to HousingWardrip, Williams andHauge (2011) itemize revenues from housing development in the U.S. Some lessons can be learned from this data. Revenue sources during the construction phaseinclude sales taxes on building materials, cor porate taxes on buildersprofits, income taxes on construction workers, and fees for zoning,inspections, and the like. Theseestimates presume that the building materials are purchased locally, to theextent the materials are brought in from elsewhere, revenues will of course belower. This is something that willimpact housing construction in IDA countries.Revenues in the model depend on local tax structures, constructioncosts, development fees and whether the local mix of industries is conducive tocapturing construction-related activity.For example, Hangen and Northrup (2010) analyze the effects ofdeveloping and rehabilitating 582 affordable homes in Rhode Island in 2007 and2008 with $25 trillion in housing bonds.They estimate that the subsequent income, corporate and sales taxes andfees associated with the total economic activity increased state revenues byroughly $16.7 million during the development period. In an analysis of a proposed Pennsylvaniastate housing trust fund, Econsult (2009) finds that for every $1 million inproposed spending, the state stands to gain $82,000 in revenue from theconstruction of single family homes these revenues would be higher if the $1million were spent on affordable multifamily housing.In addition to immediatefiscal benefits, housing construction also provides on-going benefits to thelocality. On-going revenue sourcesinclude residential property taxes, property taxes from the businessessupported by the residents, and utility user fees. A residential development has a net positivefiscal impact only if taxes exceed the cost of providing services to theresidents. The evidence regarding thenet effect of affordable housing is inconclusive. However, there is evidence to suggest thatmarket-rate housing provides net positive fiscal impact (National Associationof Home Builders, 2009).Political Stability and HousingThere is a presumptionthat housing improves governmental stability.So far, no evidence has been found to indicate that thi s is truealthough it is a stylized fact. Provisionof housing is international law. Sachs(2011) reminds us that its a right granted in the U.N. Universal Declarationof Human Rights as follows Everyone has the right to a standard ofliving adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family,including food, clothing, housingand medical care There may be indirect support to the extent that therehas been evidence to indicate that housing improves education and education isbelieved to improve political stability (see evidence in next section). The relationship betweenpolitical stability and housing may go in the other direction. In other words, political instability canaffect the housing market. According toTu and Bao (2009), instability may weaken investors beliefs in propertyrights, putting the investors in dread that part of the investment may be lostdue to poor protection. Therefore,investors may pay less for the property rights when facing politicaluncertainty. Their study uses 10 yearsof data from Hong Kong and Singapore where there were differences in politicalscenarios but similar land take aim structures and property cycles. The empirical evidence supports the idea thatpolitical instability lowers property rights premiums. Education and HousingTo the extent that housingimproves homeowners get capacity, housing finance could lead to moreinvestment in human capital. Sinceinvestment in human capital may require an separate to borrow money, andborrowing money is costly, to the extent that housing finance lowers the costof borrowing, it should lead to larger investments in human capital. Many authors starting with Becker (1975) andAtkinson (1975) studied the link between investment in human capital andwealth distribution. An implication ofthese models is that income inequality will decrease as access to financeimproves. Some studies havedocumented a link between housing and education. To the extent that housing finance improveshousing affordab ility for the poor, housing finance may improve educationopportunities for the poor. Jacoby(1994) finds that lack of access to credit perpetuates poverty in Peru becausepoor households cant afford to provide their children with appropriateeducation. Jacoby and Skoufias (1997)find that without access to finance, shocks to income cause poor families todiscontinue schooling for children.Housing provides an asset that can be used to smooth shocks to income.If housing indeed improveseducation opportunities for children of the poor then by extension housing willimprove political stability. Sachs(2011) in explaining why governments should provide education, quotes AdamSmith who said, An instructed and intelligent people are more disposed toexamine, and more capable of seeing through, the interested complaints of spectral sect and seditiontherefore, the whole society is at risk when any segmentof society is poorly educated. 6. SummaryA review of the literaturepertaining to housing, econom ic growth and poverty reveals that much moreresearch is needed in order to determine the true economic benefits of housingand whether housing finance in particular can be an effective tool ineradicating poverty. The paucity ofevidence is due in part to limits in data and the need to utilize robusteconometric techniques to test for the direction of the causality in theserelationships. In other words, moreresearch needs to explore whether housing construction leads to economic growthor economic growth leads to increased demand for housing and by extensionhousing finance. Although there islittle direct documentation that housing finance improves economic standing orliving standards of the poor, some inferences can be made from the relatedliterature. The most promising evidenceis found in the financial deepening literature where it has been shown thatimprovements in financial markets are associated with reducing absolute levelsof poverty. To the extent that financialdeepening improves w ith the development of mortgage markets, then housingfinance may also be effective in reducing poverty. In addition, there appears to be solidevidence that housing construction produces jobs directly and indirectlythrough the supporting service industries.Housing is also shown to improve prospects for education and thus mayreduce income inequality. Evidenceindicates that there is no one size fits all relationship between housing,economic growth and poverty. Althoughevidence shows that housing investment impacts economic growth, thatrelationship varies within countries and over time.While not explored in depth in this review, there are some concerns regarding the impact of housing on economic development and poverty. For example, due to considerable transactions costs, some suggest that housing may reduce job mobility. In addition, while housing construction may create construction related jobs, there is a question as to whether that just crowds out investment in other sectors of th e economy. Housing finance while improving access to housing, may also increase opportunities for speculation and may lead to large booms and busts and housing cycles that may negatively impact the economy in the longer run. These and other concerns should be explored further to determine their significance.ReferencesAtkinson, A. B., 1974, The economics of variation (Oxford Clarendon Press).Banerjee, Abhijit and E. Duflo, 2011, PoorEconomics A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, (PublicAffairs, New York).Becker, G. S., 1975, Human Capital, NBER and Columbia University Press, New York.Buckley, Robert, 1996, Housing Finance in growth Countries, (McMillan, London).Buckley, R. and R. Madhusudhan, 1984, The Macroeconomics of Housings Role in theEconomy An International Analysis, Presented to the American Real Estateand Urban Economics Association.Bunnarith, M., 2004, Between Poverty Reduction dodging and National Housing Policy, NationalUniversity of Singapore Work ing Paper.Chen, J. and A. Zhu, 2008, The Relationship Between Housing Investment and Economic Growth inChina A dialog box Analysis Using Quarterly Provincial Data, China NationalSocial Science Foundation Working Paper.Dubel, Hans-Joachim, 2007, Does Housing Finance Promote Economic andSocial Development in Emerging Markets?, Housing Finance Impact Study forInternational Finance Corporation.Econsult Corporation, 2009, Potential Economic and Fiscal Impacts of a Pennsylvania Housing TrustFund, The Housing Alliance of Pennsylvania.Erbas, S. and F. Nothaft, 2002, The Role of Affordable Mortgages in Improving Living Standards andStimulating Growth A Survey of Selected MENA Countries, IMF Working Paper.Freire, Mila, M. Gautier and O. Hassler, 2006, Review of Argentinas Housing SectorOptions for Affordable Housing Policy, populace Bank Working Paper.Guitierrez, C., et. al., 2007, Does Employment Generation Really Matter for Poverty Reduction?,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 44 32, World Bank, Washington, DC.Habitat for Humanity, Consequences of Poverty Housing.Hangen, Eric, and J. Northrup, 2010, Building Homes Rhode Island An Analysisof Economic Impacts, Housing Works RI.Hongyu, Liu, Y. Park and Z. Siqi, 2002, The Interaction between Housing Investmentand Economic Growth in China, International Real Estate Review, 5 1, p. 40 60.Housing Assistance Council, 1998, The effects of Housing Development on a Rural Communitys Economy.Hull, Katy, 2009, Understandingthe Relationship Between Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction,OECD.Jacoby, Hanan, 1994, Borrowing Constraints and jump on through School Evidence from Peru,Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 76, 151-160.Jacoby, Hanan and E. Skoufias, 1997, Risk, Financial Markets, and Human Capital,Review of Economic Studies, Vol 64, 311-335.Karlan, Dean and J. Appel, 2011, More Than Good Intentions How a New Economics is Helping to SolveGlobal Poverty, (Dutton, New York).Leung, C., 2004, Macroecono micsand Housing A Review of the Literature, Journal of Housing Economics, 13p. 249-267.Malpezzi, Stephen, 1999, Economic Analysis of Housing Markets in Developing and TransitionEconomies, Urbanization in Transforming Economies, p. 1791-1864.Malpezzi, Stephen and J. Sa-Aadu, 1996, What Have African Housing Policies Wrought?,Real Estate Economics, Vol. 242, p. 133-160.Moss, Vuyisani, 2004, Preview of Housing Finance Systems in FourDifferent African Countries South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana and Tanzania, Centrefor Affordable Housing Finance in Africa.National Association of Home Builders, 2009, The Local Impact of Home Building in aTypical Metro Area Income, Jobs and Taxes Generated. Washington, DC.Quigley, John, 2008, Urbanization, Agglomeration and Economic Development, Commission onGrowth and Development, Working Paper No. 19.Rahman, Khandaker, 2009, Development of Housing Finance and its Impact on Socio-Economic Uplift inthe Emerging Economy in Bangladesh, IFC Bulletin No. 31.Sachs, J effrey, 2005, The End of Poverty Economic Possibilities for Our Time, (ThePenguin Press, New York).Singh, Raju and Y. Huang, 2011, FinancialDeepening and Property Rights Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, IMF WorkingPaper No. 11/196.Tipple, A. Graham, 1994, Employment from Housing A Resource forRapidly Growing Urban Populations, Cities 11, No. 6, p. 373.Tu, Y. and H. Bao, 2009, Property Rights and Housing Value The Impacts of Political Instability,Real Estate Economics, 372, p. 235 257.United Nations, 1995, Shelter Provision.Uy, Willie, 2006,Medium-Rise Housing The Philippine Experience, Presentation Paper for thefifth Asian Forum.Wardrip, Keith, L. Williams and S. Hague, 2011, The Role of Affordable Housing in CreatingJobs and Stimulating Local Economic Development A Review of the Literature,Center for Housing Policy.Is Prostitution a Victimless Crime? EssayIs Prostitution a Victimless Crime? EssayProstitution, as described by the Merriam-Websters Dictionary (1997), is the selling of sexual favors for money or the devoting of oneself or ones talent to an unworthy cause (p. 589). In another frame of reference, harlotry has been called a dupeless wrong offence. What exactly is a victimless crime? Wests Encyclopedia of American defines it ascrime where there is no apparent victim and no apparent pain or injury. This class of crime usually involves only consenting adults in activities such as harlotry, sodomy, and gambling where the acts are not public, no one is harmed, and no one complains of the activities (2008).This classic definition of these types of crime implies there is not any victim of the criminal expression who experiences harm. From a theoretical perspective, conflict theorists may hold that victimless crimes are established as a type of social control over morality by politically powerful people or groups who find them offensive or undesirable while functional theorists may hold that social needs, not societal power, are the underlying condit ion of labeling victimless behaviors as criminal (Greek, C.E., 2005).Why are some consensual acts considered il effectual while others are not? McWilliams (1996) asserts consensual activities prohibitions and restrictions have their basis in religion while ODonnell (2000) in addressing the price of victimless crime laws, proposes those crime laws are a form of morality control and religious persecution that uphold the opinions of the law-controlling majority with regards to race, ethnicity and political stances.The issue in victimless crimes is that society has created laws to prohibit certain types of conduct considered to be against the public interest and when supposed victims freely consent to be the victim in one of these crimes the question is whether the state should make an exception from the law for the situation. For the purpose of this paper, prostitution and the issues of concern in the legalisation of this victimless crime is explored.Upon examining prostitution as a vi ctimless crime, it seems evident there are victims at some level but most of the harm seems to be self-inflicted. flavour at the puzzle of the involved behaviors, having sex and asking for money, each by themselves are perfectly legal. Having sex with someone, even an unknown person is legal, and asking for money is legal but, when the two behaviors are linked into one single instance, a criminal act results. The two separate legal behaviors cannot constitute an illegal behavior for if no person is harmed, or if harm occurs by informed consent of the willing parties, how can it be considered a criminal act? One problematic stance presented is that consensual acts are not without risk and when adults consent to take part in the acts, why should the resulting action be deemed criminal by legal social rules? What kinds of problems can the law solve and what kind of problems does the law create?Among the many proponents of de-criminalizing victimless crimes the concept of unconstituti onality is consistently cited (Hardaway, 2000 McWilliams, 1998 ODonnell, 2000 National political platform of the Libertarian Party, 2002). A prominent vocal music critic of criminalizing these termed victimless crimes, such as prostitution, is Robert Hardaway.Hardaway is a professor of Law at the University of Denvers School of Law who has written and co-written numerous texts and articles on legal and community interest matters. Hardaways 2003 book, No Price Too High Victimless Crimes and the ninth Amendment, as cited by Cox in a 2004 review, presents a powerful and strongly-argued perspective which argues the criminalization of victimless crimes break in the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution (2004). Cox notes the criminalization of these crimes as well as amount of money it takes to enforce the laws are unsound policies according to Hardaway. Although, in the case of drugs, crime against property and person are related to drug use, Hardaway, per Cox (2004), attr ibutes the harm of drug use to the laws rather than the use of drugs themselves. According to Cox, Hardaway uses the example of Prohibition to explain the supply and demand concept of the argument stating crime and violence do not emanate from some physiological effect of the drug, but the drug laws themselves and with the decriminalization of drugs, neighborhood drug dealers would be put out of business effectively breaking the business-end of organized crime (105). Hardaway further posits, according to Cox, legalizing personal vices is justified by a considered weighing of the costs and consequences of criminalization (30), (2004).ProCon.org has a website which addresses the issue of whether or not prostitution should be legalized and many statements were provided on this website of both the pro and con sides of the issue No persons human or civil rights should be scandalized on the basis of their trade, occupation, work, calling, or profession Prostitution Education Network, 199 6 prostitution violates the right to physical and moral integrityviolates the prohibition of torture and of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.. Hoffman, C., 1997 prostitution laws area violation of the right of individual privacy because they impose penal sanctions for the private sexual conduct of consenting adults American courteous Liberties Union, 2007 few activities are as brutal and damaging to people as prostitution U.S. Department of State, 2004 (ProCon, 2009).Of all opposition members, the most prominent is Melissa Farley, a research and clinical psychologist at the San Francisco non-profit organization, Prostitution Research and Education. Farley has written numerous peer-reviewed articles on the subject (Farley, M., 2006). Farleys numerous research articles provide a well-rounded look at the subject matter of prostitution, the sex industry, exploitation of women, as well as the myriad of troubling issues arising from when men purchase women in prostitution. In the 20 06 article, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia What We Must Not Know in Order to play along the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly, Farley posits prostitution is sexual violence that results in massive economic profit for some of its perpetrators and is a much like slavery in that it is a lucrative form of oppression (p. 102). Farley goes further to remark on prostitutions legal status (legal, illegal, zoned, or decriminalized) or the location of the activity (strip club, massage parlor, street, and escort/home/hotel) the danger to women is still tremendous (p. 103). Farleys discussion on the peer-reviewed literature which documents the violence so prevalent in prostitution and states wildness is common turn up in prostitution whether it is legal or illegal (p. 106). Citing a Canadian commission on prostitution and pornography which reported the death rate of women in prostitution as forty times higher than that of the general population and a 2001 Vanco uver prostitution research study by Cler-Cunningham and Christensen which reported a thirty-six percent incident of attempted murder, Farley contends prostitution can be lethal (p. 107).Farleys detailed look at legalized and illegal prostitution can impact the perception of the sex industry as a whole. However, within the United States Constitutions first ten amendments, also known as the Bill of Rights, are aliment which may present a strong argument for abolishing criminalizing prostitution and other victimless crimes.The First, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth Amendments are of particular interest in this dialogue of supporting the decriminalization of prostitution. Although victimless crimes such as prostitution are not specifically addressed in the Constitution there seems to be an arguable position that victimless crime laws violate First Amendment restrictions against laws respecting an establishment of religion especially since religious and moral values seem to provide the foundat ion for many of the laws.The Fourth Amendments provisions on search and seizure seems to be violated by such devices as warrantless search and seizures which are often utilized to obtain evidence for prosecutorial purposes. The privacy of innocents can be threatened as enforcement of the law requires police and investigators to engage in extensive monitoring, wiretapping, and surveillance of suspects and the public. Some people believe that these warrantless search and seizures and victimless crime laws are a means of political power over selected portions of the population which are unequally enforced against the poor and minorities thereby violating the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment (Kruttscnitt, 1984 McWilliams, 1998 Nussbaum, OConnell, 2000 1999 Schur, 1971, 1980, 1983).The Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution has direct bearing on such modern day constitutional issues such as abortion, gay rights, and the right to die. Farber (2007) considers the Ninth Amendment the key to understanding the liberties Americans were to enjoy under the Constitution as envisioned by the Founding Fathers describes the purpose of the Ninth Amendment and the Founders intent to protect the rights the Founders assumed but failed to name or specify in the Bill of Rights. Like the rest of the original Bill of Rights, per Farber, the Ninth Amendment only limits federal power rather than state government powers. The Fourteenth Amendment came along later and addressed the state government and within that Amendment the Privileges or Immunities Clause is paired with the Ninth Amendment (Lash, 2004 Farber, 2007).America is in first place in the world for the number of incarcerated individuals as highlighted by a Pew Center report that found 1 in every 100 American adults are behind bars with its prison population having tripled in the last 20 years. Spending on prisons has more than quadrupled and the American taxpayers are slowly crush by this wasteful spendin g. At an average cost of over $19,000 per prisoner, taxpayers are facing a bill of over $44 billion per year to move on people locked away (Pew, 2004).Coinciding with this rising prison population is the increase in the number of private prisons which increased from five in 1995 to 100 in 2005. Herivel and Wright ( ) in their book Prison Profiteers-Who Makes Money From Mass Incarceration reports private prison industry has seen increased profits and lobbied extensively for more frequent and longer prison sentences and traces the flow of monies designated for the public good and ends up in the pockets of enterprises dedicated to keeping prison cells filled (From their book jacket).History has shown that criminalizing victimless crimes will drive the practice underground where violence, extortion, and coercion are most likely to thrive. This was particularly noticed when the 18th Amendment and later the Volstead Act, 1919, which made it illegal to manufacture or sell beer, wine, or o ther intoxicating malt or vinous liquors it was not illegal to possess it for personal use. The prohibition, originally intended to reduce beer consumption in particular, actually a failure and ended up increasing hard liquor consumption and created a new business, bootlegging, defined as the unlawful manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages without registration or payment of taxes which became widespread and a staple of organized crime (Prohibition).Almost every individual has the ability and moral capacity to judge what is helpful or harmful to them and it does not make sense for other people to dictate what choices should be made. When individuals commit acts harmful to themselves, the action should be termed as immoral, not illegal. The criminalization for the act of prostitution should not be determined by social effects of an individuals actions or by the moral or religious views of society. Every person needs freedom to make choices and accept the consequ ences for without these consequences, growth and experiential development will be hindered.If an adult man-or an adult woman, wants to engage in sexual relations with another adult man or woman who charges a fee for his or her services, they should be able to do so without the fear of being guilty of a crime. It does not mean that prostitution should not be subjected to certain legal requirements such as health laws. Removing prostitution from criminal statutes and providing a designation as a business entity subjected to business requirements, prostitution can be taxed, sex workers can obtain health and safety rights other employees have, and problems of execration and graft associated with police jurisdiction of such a business can be dealt with more effectively with better protection from violence and abuse for those individuals who work within the industry. In a 2001 article written for the New Zealand Herald, Sue Bradford, MA, Member of New Zealands Parliament says it best pro stitution has been a passage option for some people since history began. Nothing any law has done has changed or will change thatI believe we would all be better off to accept the job choice that some adults make as valid and worthy of care and compassion for all our sakes (2001).Work CitedBradford, S. (2001). discourse Sex workers deserve protection of the law. New Zealand Herald. July 30, 2001.Cox, G.C., (2004). Book review of Hardaway, R. (2003). No price too high Victimless crimes and the Ninth Amendment. Department of Political Science, University of North Texas.Farber, D.A. (2007). well-kept by the people The silent Ninth Amendment and the Constitutional rights Americans dont know they have. Perseus Books.Fyffe, C. and Hardaway, R.M. (2003). No price too high Victimless crimes and the Ninth Amendment. Westport, CN Praeger.Greek, C.E., (2005). 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